Key Takeaways
- Most Americans receive refunds: Roughly three-quarters of all tax filers receive refunds, averaging nearly $3,300 annually.
- Refunds vary by income: Average refunds increase with household income; however, high-income taxpayers are the least likely to receive refunds.
- Geographic variation in refund size: Average refund amounts are highest in parts of the South and Mountain West, especially Florida, Texas, Wyoming, and Nevada.
- Paper check vs. direct deposit: About 10% of taxpayers don’t use direct deposit, with paper check use highest in rural areas and in pockets of the northern U.S.
As the April tax filing deadline approaches, millions of Americans are preparing their returns and anticipating potential refunds. For many, the federal tax refund represents an important financial boost — one that can help cover expenses, reduce debt, or increase savings.
Using the latest data from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), we explore how refund amounts have changed in recent years and how they vary across income levels and geographic areas. The report looks at national trends in average refund size, the share of taxpayers receiving refunds, and detailed breakdowns by income group, state, and county — offering a closer look at where refunds are highest and for whom.
How Much Do Americans Receive in Tax Refunds?
Over the past 15 years, the average federal tax refund has generally remained in the range of $2,800 to $3,000, but the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted that pattern. During the 2020 filing season, the average refund dropped to $2,549, reflecting widespread job losses and reduced earnings early in the crisis.
In the years that followed, refunds rebounded sharply. A combination of rising wages, expanded tax credits, and other stimulus measures pushed the average refund to a record $3,252 by 2022. However, as pandemic-era tax credits expired, a smaller share of taxpayers ended up receiving refunds. The proportion of returns resulting in a refund dropped from 77.1% in 2021 to just 64.1% by 2024.
At the same time, how Americans receive their refunds has also changed. In 2009, just 65% of refunds were issued via direct deposit. By the 2024 filing season, that figure had climbed to 91%, and it has risen further to 97% in early 2025. This trend aligns with a recent policy change by the Trump administration to phase out paper refund checks, citing cost savings and fraud prevention. While the move may improve efficiency, it could pose challenges for unbanked households and those without reliable access to digital financial services.
Average Tax Refund by Income Group
Tax refunds vary significantly by income level, with higher-income households receiving larger refunds on average but a smaller share of these households receiving refunds at all. According to the latest IRS data, filers earning less than $50,000 received an average refund of $2,403, with over 77% of total returns in this group receiving refunds. Refund participation was nearly universal among the lowest-income group, with 99.3% of those eligible choosing to receive a refund rather than applying their overpayment to next year’s taxes.
For middle-income filers earning $50,000 to $100,000, the average refund rose to $2,789, though just 68.3% received one. Refunds increased further to $4,188 for those earning $100,000 to $200,000, but only 55.4% of these returns resulted in a refund.
At incomes above $200,000, the average refund surged to $15,350. Yet just 35% of returns received a refund, and nearly one-third of filers with overpayments opted to apply their credit to the following year’s taxes instead.
States With the Largest Tax Refunds
Average federal tax refunds vary widely across states, with a clear concentration of higher refunds in parts of the South and Mountain West. Below are the 5 states with the highest average refunds, based on the latest IRS data:
1. Florida
Florida reported the highest average refund in the country at $3,852. Out of more than 11.1 million federal tax returns filed, about 7.5 million (67%) resulted in a refund.
2. Texas
In Texas, the average refund stood at $3,774, slightly below Florida. The state had the second-largest overall filing volume of any state, with 13.6 million returns filed and over 9.7 million (71%) receiving a refund.
3. Wyoming
Despite its smaller population, Wyoming recorded an average refund of $3,720. Of the 280,750 returns filed, about 190,000 (68%) received a refund.
4. Nevada
Nevada had an average refund of $3,643, with 1.08 million refunds issued out of 1.6 million total returns — an overall refund rate of roughly 70%.
5. Louisiana
Rounding out the top 5, Louisiana reported an average refund of $3,577, with 1.4 million refunds issued across nearly 2 million returns, reflecting a 73% refund rate — the third-highest of all states.
Counties With the Largest Tax Refunds
At the local level, some of the highest average tax refunds in the country are concentrated in counties with especially high incomes. Each of the 5 counties listed below falls within the top 5% of the U.S. income distribution, and all are known for their concentrations of wealth and high-value property. These counties also tend to have lower rates of refund issuance overall, reflecting more complex tax situations and a greater likelihood of filers applying overpayments to future tax years.
1. Teton County, Wyoming
Located in northwestern Wyoming and home to the town of Jackson, Teton County had the highest average refund in the nation at $13,168. Of the 15,210 federal tax returns filed, only about 7,900 (52%) resulted in a refund — well below the national average.
2. Pitkin County, Colorado
Home to the resort town of Aspen, Pitkin County recorded an average refund of $7,607. Roughly 5,470 of the county’s 10,520 filers received a refund, a 52% refund rate similar to Teton County.
3. Summit County, Utah
Nestled in the Wasatch Range and encompassing Park City, Summit County had an average refund of $7,368. Out of nearly 25,000 returns filed, 13,940 (56%) received a refund.
4. Collier County, Florida
Located on Florida’s Gulf Coast and including the city of Naples, Collier County reported an average refund of $6,667. Of the 214,600 tax returns filed, roughly 121,400 (57%) resulted in a refund.
5. Shackelford County, Texas
Though much smaller in size, Shackelford County — a rural area north of Abilene — had an average refund of $6,407. Just 940 of its 1,490 returns (63%) received a refund, suggesting a smaller but relatively affluent taxpayer base.
Where Americans Still Rely on Paper Checks for Refunds
While just over 90% of Americans received their tax refunds via direct deposit in the most recent full year of IRS data, around 10% of taxpayers still opted to receive paper checks. This nationwide figure, however, masks substantial regional variation.
Across most states, direct deposit is the clear norm, with particularly high adoption rates in the South and West. However, in several New England and Midwestern states, the use of traditional paper checks remains comparatively higher. County-level data show even more pronounced disparities, especially in rural areas. In parts of Montana and the Dakotas, for example, fewer than 70% of refunds are issued via direct deposit, suggesting continued reliance on paper checks in remote and low-population areas. These counties also tend to have older average populations, a demographic more likely to use brick-and-mortar banks and less likely to adopt newer technologies.
Read on for a full breakdown of direct deposit usage and average tax refund amounts — both overall and by income group — across every U.S. state and county.
Average Tax Refund Amounts by State and County
Methodology
This analysis uses data from 2 primary sources provided by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS): the Filing Season Statistics and the Individual Income Tax Return (Form 1040) Statistics.
The Filing Season Statistics offer the most up-to-date information on federal tax refunds, including estimates through the 2025 filing season. However, these figures reflect data by filing season, not by tax year, and may differ slightly from specific tax year data.
For more detailed breakdowns (such as refund amounts by income level, state, and county), the most recent available data from the Form 1040 Statistics, which covers Tax Year 2022, was used. The average refund amount was calculated by dividing the total amount of overpayments refunded by the total number of returns that resulted in a refund, which is consistent with the IRS’s standard definition. It is important to note that this does not represent the average total overpayment since some taxpayers elect to have their overpayments credited to the next tax year rather than refunded. However, according to IRS data, approximately 97% of taxpayers choose to receive their overpayment as a refund, making this a reliable estimate of the refund experience for most filers.
Final Thoughts
While many Americans look forward to receiving a tax refund each year, it’s worth noting that a large refund isn’t necessarily a financial win. A sizable refund often means that too much was withheld from paychecks throughout the year — essentially providing the federal government with an interest-free loan.
For households aiming to optimize their finances, adjusting tax withholdings to better match actual tax liability can free up money for savings, investments, or everyday expenses throughout the year. The IRS offers a Tax Withholding Estimator to help individuals fine-tune their withholdings based on current income, deductions, and credits.
